The in situ formation of molecular and warm ionised gas triggered by hot outflows

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution simulations to demonstrate that hot outflows can trigger in-situ formation of molecular and warm ionised gas in star-forming galaxy outflows, revealing new pathways for gas evolution.

Contribution

It introduces a novel in-situ H$_2$ formation mechanism triggered by magnetised hot winds in turbulent clouds, supported by detailed non-equilibrium chemistry simulations.

Findings

Up to 3% of cloud mass becomes molecular within 10 Myr.

H$_2$ formation is enhanced by magnetic fields and intermediate cloud densities.

Warm ionised gas can constitute up to 60% of the initial atomic cloud mass.

Abstract

Molecular outflows contributing to the matter cycle of star forming galaxies are now observed in small and large systems at low and high redshift. Their physical origin is still unclear. In most theoretical studies only warm ionised/neutral and hot gas outflowing from the interstellar medium is generated by star formation. We investigate an in-situ H$_2$ formation scenario in the outflow using high-resolution simulations, including non-equilibrium chemistry and self-gravity, of turbulent, warm, and atomic clouds with densities 0.1, 0.5 and $1\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$ exposed to a magnetised hot wind. For cloud densities $\gtrsim 0.5\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$ a magnetised wind triggers H$_2$ formation before cloud dispersal. Up to 3 per cent of the initial cloud mass can become molecular on $\sim 10\,\mathrm{Myr}$ time scales. The effect is stronger for winds with perpendicular $B$-fields and intermediate density clouds ($n_\mathrm{c}\sim 0.5\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$). Here H$_2$ formation can be boosted by up to one order of magnitude compared to isolated cooling clouds independent of self-gravity. Self-gravity preserves the densest clouds way past their $\sim 15\,\mathrm{Myr}$ cloud crushing time scales. This model could provides a plausible in-situ origin for the observed molecular gas. Warm ionised gas is also generated, almost independent of the cloud density. The amount solely depend on the magnetic field configuration in the wind. For low density clouds ($0.1\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$), the forming warm ionised gas can be as much as 60 per cent of the initially atomic cloud mass. This could contribute to observations of outflows with ionised gas sensitive tracers.