Beyond gold nanoparticles cytotoxicity: potential to impair metastasis hallmarks

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that ultrasmall gold nanoparticles stabilized by gum arabic can impair melanoma metastasis-related behaviors without causing cytotoxicity, highlighting their potential as anti-metastatic agents.

Contribution

The paper introduces a non-cytotoxic gold nanoparticle formulation that reduces tumor cell invasion and growth, offering a novel approach to impair metastasis.

Findings

GA-AuNPs are stable in biological environments.

Non-cytotoxic concentrations inhibit tumor invasion and growth.

GA-AuNPs penetrate tumors and alter their morphology.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), around 3 nm, stabilized by the anionic polysaccharide gum arabic (GA-AuNPs). The focus was downregulation of cancer hallmarks of aggressive tumors, using a highly metastatic model of melanoma. We first demonstrated that GA-AuNPs showed excellent stability under biological environment. Non-cytotoxic concentrations to seven different cell lines, including tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells, were determined by standard 2D in vitro assays. Gold concentrations below 2.4 mg L-1 were non-cytotoxic and therefore chosen for further analyses. Cells exposed to GA-AuNPs were uptaken by melanoma cells through endocytic processes. Next, we described remarkable biological properties using non-cytotoxic concentrations of this nanomaterial. Invasion through an extracellular matrix barrier as well as 3D growth capacity (anchorage-independent colony formation and spheroids growth) were negatively affected by 2.4 mg L-1 GA-AuNPs. Additionally, exposed spheroids showed morphological changes, suggesting that GA-AuNPs could penetrate into the preformed tumor and affect its integrity. All together these results demonstrate that side effects, such as cytotoxicity, can be avoided by choosing the right concentration, nevertheless, preserving desirable effects such as modulation of key tumor cell malignancy features.