ZeRO-Offload: Democratizing Billion-Scale Model Training

TL;DR

ZeRO-Offload enables training billion-parameter models on a single GPU by offloading data and compute to CPU, significantly reducing hardware requirements and making large-scale model training accessible to more researchers.

Contribution

It introduces a novel offloading technique that allows training of extremely large models on minimal hardware without model modifications or efficiency loss.

Findings

Supports training models over 13 billion parameters on a single GPU.

Achieves near-linear scaling on up to 128 GPUs.

Enables training models over 70 billion parameters on a single DGX-2.

Abstract

Large-scale model training has been a playing ground for a limited few requiring complex model refactoring and access to prohibitively expensive GPU clusters. ZeRO-Offload changes the large model training landscape by making large model training accessible to nearly everyone. It can train models with over 13 billion parameters on a single GPU, a 10x increase in size compared to popular framework such as PyTorch, and it does so without requiring any model change from the data scientists or sacrificing computational efficiency. ZeRO-Offload enables large model training by offloading data and compute to CPU. To preserve compute efficiency, it is designed to minimize the data movement to/from GPU, and reduce CPU compute time while maximizing memory savings on GPU. As a result, ZeRO-Offload can achieve 40 TFlops/GPU on a single NVIDIA V100 GPU for 10B parameter model compared to 30TF using PyTorch alone for a 1.4B parameter model, the largest that can be trained without running out of memory. ZeRO-Offload is also designed to scale on multiple-GPUs when available, offering near linear speedup on up to 128 GPUs. Additionally, it can work together with model parallelism to train models with over 70 billion parameters on a single DGX-2 box, a 4.5x increase in model size compared to using model parallelism alone. By combining compute and memory efficiency with ease-of-use, ZeRO-Offload democratizes large-scale model training making it accessible to even data scientists with access to just a single GPU.