Genetics and Pathophysiology of Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): A Review of Current Trends

TL;DR

This review discusses the genetic mutations involved in MODY, highlighting 14 known and 3 newly identified genes, their roles in beta-cell dysfunction, and the importance of gene-specific treatments for improved management.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on MODY genes, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment strategies based on genetic profiles.

Findings

Identified 14 classified MODY genes and 3 new unclassified genes.

Mutations in these genes cause beta-cell dysfunction and hyperglycemia.

Distinct mechanisms differentiate MODY from other diabetes types.

Abstract

Single gene mutations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a form of diabetes mellitus (DM) known as the maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). However, there are diverse opinions on the suspect genes and pathophysiology, necessitating the need to review and communicate the genes to raise public awareness. We used the Google search engine to retrieve relevant information from reputable sources such as PubMed and Google Scholar. We identified 14 classified MODY genes as well as three new and unclassified genes linked with MODY. These genes are fundamentally embedded in the beta cells, the most common of which are HNF1A, HNF4A, HNF1B, and GCK genes. Mutations in these genes cause beta-cell dysfunction, resulting in decreased insulin production and hyperglycemia. MODY genes have distinct mechanisms of action and phenotypic presentations compared with type 1 and type 2 DM and other forms of DM. Healthcare professionals are therefore advised to formulate drugs and treatment based on the causal genes rather than the current generalized treatment for all types of DM. This will increase the effectiveness of diabetes drugs and treatment and reduce the burden of the disease.