Pixelated 3D sensors for tracking in radiation harsh environments

TL;DR

This paper reviews the development and characterization of pixelated 3D sensors designed for tracking in the high-radiation environments of the HL-LHC, emphasizing their radiation tolerance and suitability for innermost detector layers.

Contribution

It provides an overview of the current status, performance, and ongoing development of 3D pixel sensors for use in radiation harsh conditions at the HL-LHC.

Findings

3D sensors demonstrate high radiation tolerance

Performance metrics meet HL-LHC tracking requirements

Development is progressing towards deployment in innermost detector layers

Abstract

The High Luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider will be able to reach a peak instantaneous luminosity of 5E34/cm2 s. The innermost detectors of the CMS and ATLAS experiments will have to cope with unprecedented requirements on radiation hardness. At the end of the operation period, radiation levels are expected to reach values above 2.6E16 neq/cm2. Sensors based on 3D pixel technology, with intrinsic radiation tolerance, are the baseline option for the innermost layers of the vertex detectors of several HL-LHC experiments. This article gives an overview of the ongoing characterization of the pixelated 3D sensor technology, their performance and their current development status for tracking on radiation harsh environments.