Re-examining the Role of Nuclear Fusion in a Renewables-Based Energy Mix

TL;DR

This paper critically examines the future role of nuclear fusion in a low-carbon energy landscape, highlighting economic, technological, and environmental challenges that may limit its adoption despite ongoing research efforts.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of factors affecting fusion's viability, emphasizing the need for adaptive design strategies considering economic and environmental constraints.

Findings

Renewable energy costs have significantly decreased.

Fusion's motivation diminishes as renewables become more cost-effective.

Most fusion designs overlook economic and environmental factors.

Abstract

Fusion energy is often regarded as a long-term solution to the world's energy needs. However, even after solving the critical research challenges, engineering and materials science will still impose significant constraints on the characteristics of a fusion power plant. Meanwhile, the global energy grid must transition to low-carbon sources by 2050 to prevent the worst effects of climate change. We review three factors affecting fusion's future trajectory: (1) the significant drop in the price of renewable energy, (2) the intermittency of renewable sources and implications for future energy grids, and (3) the recent proposition of intermediate-level nuclear waste as a product of fusion. Within the scenario assumed by our premises, we find that while there remains a clear motivation to develop fusion power plants, this motivation is likely weakened by the time they become available. We also conclude that most current fusion reactor designs do not take these factors into account and, to increase market penetration, fusion research should consider relaxed nuclear waste design criteria, raw material availability constraints and load-following designs with pulsed operation.