HUBS: A dedicated hot circumgalactic medium explorer
Wei Cui (for the HUBS Collaboration)

TL;DR
HUBS is a proposed X-ray observatory designed to detect and characterize the elusive hot baryons in the circum-galactic medium, aiming to solve the missing baryon problem and enhance understanding of galaxy evolution.
Contribution
This paper introduces the design and technological development status of HUBS, a dedicated mission to observe the hot circum-galactic medium and locate missing baryons.
Findings
HUBS's design optimizes detection of soft X-ray emissions from hot baryons.
The mission aims to characterize physical and chemical properties of circum-galactic baryons.
Potential to observe missing baryons in galaxy cluster outskirts and inform galaxy evolution models.
Abstract
The Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) mission is proposed to study "missing" baryons in the universe. Unlike dark matter, baryonic matter is made of elements in the periodic table, and can be directly observed through the electromagnetic signals that it produces. Stars contain only a tiny fraction of the baryonic matter known to be present in the universe. Additional baryons are found to be in diffuse (gaseous) form, in or between galaxies, but a significant fraction has not yet been seen. The latter (missing baryons) are thought to be hiding in low-density warm-hot ionized medium (WHIM), based on results from theoretical studies and recent observations, and be distributed in the vicinity of galaxies (i.e., circum-galactic medium) and between galaxies (i.e., intergalactic medium). Such gas would radiate mainly in the soft X-ray band and the emission would be very weak, due to its very…
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