Membrane Trafficking of Integral Cell Junction Proteins and its Functional Consequences

TL;DR

This review synthesizes current knowledge on membrane trafficking mechanisms of major cell junction proteins, highlighting common pathways, functional impacts on barrier integrity, and identifying gaps in understanding of their internalization and sorting processes.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive synthesis of junction protein trafficking, emphasizing common mechanisms, functional consequences, and new insights into scaffold protein roles.

Findings

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the primary internalization pathway.

Caveolin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis are less common.

Junction proteins are sorted to recycling or degradation pathways.

Abstract

Though membrane trafficking of cell junction proteins has been studied extensively for more than two decades, the accumulated knowledge remains fragmentary. The goal of this review is to synthesize published studies on the membrane trafficking of the five major junction transmembrane proteins: claudins, occludin, and junction adhesion molecules (JAMs) in tight junctions; cadherins and nectins in adherens junctions; to identify underlying common mechanisms; to highlight their functional consequences on barrier function; and to identify knowledge gaps. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis appears to be the main, but not exclusive, mode of internalization. Caveolin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis are employed less frequently. PDZ-domain binding is the predominant mode of interaction between junction protein cytoplasmic tails and scaffold proteins. It is shared by claudins, the largest family of junction integral proteins, by junction adhesion molecules A, B, and C, and by the three nectins. All eight proteins are destined to either recycling via Rab4/Rab11 GTPases or to degradation. The sorting mechanisms that underlie the specificity of their endocytic pathways and determine their fates are not fully known. New data is presented to introduce an emerging role of junction-associated scaffold proteins in claudin membrane trafficking.