Getting hotter by heating less: How driven granular materials dissipate energy in excess

TL;DR

This study explores how driven dense granular materials dissipate energy, revealing a nonmonotonic relationship between input energy and kinetic energy, with an optimal frequency and surprising cooling at high energy inputs.

Contribution

The paper uncovers a nonmonotonic energy dissipation behavior in driven granular systems and introduces an analytically solvable model to explain this phenomenon.

Findings

Existence of an optimal forcing frequency for maximum kinetic energy

High input energy leads to increased dissipation and a colder, more viscous state

Nonmonotonic behavior is linked to a negative specific heat phenomenon

Abstract

We investigate how the kinetic energy acquired by a dense granular system driven by an external vibration depends on the input energy. Our focus is on the dependence of the granular behavior on two main parameters: frequency and vibration amplitude. We find that there exists an optimal forcing frequency, at which the system reaches the maximal kinetic energy: if the input energy is increased beyond such a threshold, the system dissipates more and more energy and recovers a colder and more viscous state. Quite surprisingly, the nonmonotonic behavior is found for vibration amplitudes which are sufficiently small to keep the system always in contact with the driving oscillating plate. Studying dissipative properties of the system, we unveil a striking difference between this nonmonotonic behavior and a standard resonance mechanism. This feature is also observed at the microscopic scale of the single-grain dynamics and can be interpreted as an instance of negative specific heat. An analytically solvable model based on a generalized forced-damped oscillator well reproduces the observed phenomenology, illustrating the role of the competing effects of forcing and dissipation.