Lateral spreading effects on VLBI radio images of neutron star merger jets

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that lateral spreading significantly affects VLBI radio images of neutron star merger jets, influencing centroid motion and image morphology, and provides methods to estimate viewing angles accurately.

Contribution

It introduces semi-analytic models of spreading jets, highlighting the importance of lateral spreading effects in interpreting VLBI images of merger jets.

Findings

Lateral spreading alters centroid shift and image size evolution.

Spreading jets produce more circular image morphologies.

Estimated viewing angles are consistent with previous studies.

Abstract

Very long base interferometry (VLBI) radio images recently proved to be essential in breaking the degeneracy in the ejecta model for the neutron star merger GW170817. We discuss the properties of synthetic radio images of merger jet afterglows by using semi-analytic models of laterally spreading or non-spreading jets. The image centroid initially moves away from the explosion point in the sky with apparent superlumianal velocity. After reaching a maximum displacement its motion is reversed. This behavior is in line with that found in full hydrodynamics simulations. We show that the evolution of the centroid shift and image size are significantly different when lateral spreading is considered. For Gaussian jet models with plausible model parameters, the morphology of the laterally spreading jet images is much closer to circular. The maximum displacement of the centroid shift and its occurrence time are smaller/earlier by a factor of a few for spreading jets. Our results indicate that it is crucial to include lateral spreading effects when analyzing radio images of neutron star merger jets. We also obtain the viewing angle $\theta_{\rm obs}$ by using the centroid shift of radio images provided the ratio of the jet core size $\theta_{c}$ and $\theta_{\rm obs}$ is determined by afterglow light curves. We show that a simple method based on a point-source approximation provides reasonable angular estimates ($10-20\%$ errors at most). By taking a sample of laterally spreading structured Gaussian jets, we obtain $\theta_{\rm obs} \sim 0.32$ for GW 170817, consistent with previous studies.