A bright gamma-ray flare interpreted as a giant magnetar flare in NGC 253

TL;DR

This paper reports the detection and localization of an extremely bright gamma-ray flare from the Sculptor galaxy, strongly suggesting it is a giant magnetar flare, thus providing valuable insights into extragalactic magnetar activity.

Contribution

It presents the first precise localization of an extragalactic magnetar giant flare, confirming its origin outside the Milky Way and comparing its properties with known Galactic flares.

Findings

The flare's energy is comparable to the brightest Galactic magnetar superflare.

The flare's temporal and spectral features match those of known magnetar giant flares.

It is among the most luminous extragalactic gamma-ray flares observed.

Abstract

Magnetars are young, highly magnetized neutron stars that produce extremely rare giant flares of gamma-rays, the most luminous astrophysical phenomena in our Galaxy. The detection of these flares from outside the Local Group of galaxies has been predicted, with just two candidates so far. Here we report on the extremely bright gamma-ray flare GRB 200415A of April 15, 2020, which we localize, using the Interplanetary Network, to a tiny (20 sq. arcmin) area on the celestial sphere, that overlaps the central region of the Sculptor galaxy at 3.5 Mpc from the Milky Way. From the Konus-Wind detections, we find a striking similarity between GRB 200415A and GRB 051103, the even more energetic flare that presumably originated from the M81/M82 group of galaxies at nearly the same distance (3.6 Mpc). Both bursts display a sharp, millisecond-scale, hard-spectrum initial pulse, followed by an approximately 0.2 s long steadily fading and softening tail. Apart from the huge initial pulses of magnetar giant flares, no astrophysical signal with this combination of temporal and spectral properties and implied energy has been reported previously. At the inferred distances, the energy released in both flares is on par with that of the December 27, 2004 superflare from the Galactic magnetar SGR 1806-20, but with a higher peak luminosity. Taken all together, this makes GRB 200415A and its twin GRB 051103 the most significant candidates for extragalactic magnetar giant flares, both a factor of five more luminous than the brightest Galactic magnetar flare observed previously, thus providing an important step towards a better understanding of this fascinating phenomenon.