Remarks on the hidden symmetry of the asymmetric quantum Rabi model

TL;DR

This paper investigates the hidden symmetry in the asymmetric quantum Rabi model, identifying a commuting operator that generalizes the parity symmetry and analyzing its algebraic properties and implications for the model's spectrum.

Contribution

It proves that the identified operator is algebraically independent of the Hamiltonian and characterizes the hidden symmetry structure in the asymmetric quantum Rabi model.

Findings

The operator commutes with the Hamiltonian at half-integer bias values.

It is algebraically independent of the Hamiltonian.

The operator generates the commutant of the Hamiltonian.

Abstract

The symmetric quantum Rabi model (QRM) is integrable due to a discrete $\mathbb{Z}_2$-symmetry of the Hamiltonian. This symmetry is generated by a known involution operator, measuring the parity of the eigenfunctions. An experimentally relevant modification of the QRM, the asymmetric (or biased) quantum Rabi model (AQRM) is no longer invariant under this operator, but shows nevertheless characteristic degeneracies of its spectrum for half-integer values of $\epsilon$, the parameter governing the asymmetry. In an interesting recent work (arXiv:2010.02496), an operator has been identified which commutes with the Hamiltonian $H_{\epsilon}$ of the asymmetric quantum Rabi model for $\epsilon=\frac{\ell}{2} \, (\ell\in \mathbb{Z})$ and appears to be the analogue of the parity in the symmetric case. We prove several important properties of this operator, notably, that it is algebraically independent of the Hamiltonian $H_{\epsilon}$ and that it essentially generates the commutant of $H_{\epsilon}$. Then, the expected $\mathbb{Z}_2$-symmetry manifests the fact that the commuting operator can be captured in the two-fold cover of the algebra generated by $H_{\epsilon}$, that is, the polynomial ring in $H_{\epsilon}$.