Downflowing umbral flashes as an evidence of standing waves in sunspot umbrae

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that downflowing umbral flashes can be explained by standing waves in sunspot umbrae, challenging the traditional view that they are solely caused by upflows.

Contribution

The paper introduces a numerical simulation showing how standing oscillations produce downflowing umbral flashes, providing a new interpretation consistent with recent observations.

Findings

Downflowing flashes are linked to standing waves in the chromosphere.

Standing oscillations cause temperature enhancements during downflows.

Only 38% of flashes are associated with downflows, aligning with observations.

Abstract

Umbral flashes are sudden brightenings commonly visible in the core of chromospheric lines. Theoretical and numerical modeling suggest that they are produced by the propagation of shock waves. According to these models and early observations, umbral flashes are associated with upflows. However, recent studies have reported umbral flashes in downflowing atmospheres. We aim to understand the origin of downflowing umbral flashes. We explore how the existence of standing waves in the umbral chromosphere impacts the generation of flashed profiles. We performed numerical simulations of wave propagation in a sunspot umbra with the code MANCHA. The Stokes profiles of the Ca II 8542 \AA\ line were synthesized with NICOLE. For freely-propagating waves, the chromospheric temperature enhancements of the oscillations are in phase with velocity upflows. In this case, the intensity core of the Ca II 8542 \AA\ atmosphere is heated during the upflowing stage of the oscillation. If we consider a different scenario with a resonant cavity, the wave reflections at the sharp temperature gradient of the transition region lead to standing oscillations. In this situation, temperature fluctuations are shifted backward and temperature enhancements partially coincide with the downflowing stage of the oscillation. In umbral flashes produced by standing oscillations, the reversal of the emission feature is produced when the oscillation is downflowing. The chromospheric temperature keeps increasing while the atmosphere is changing from a downflow to an upflow. During the appearance of flashed Ca II 8542 \AA\ cores, the atmosphere is upflowing most of the time, and only 38\% of the flashed profiles are associated with downflows. We find a scenario that remarkably explains the recent empirical findings of downflowing umbral flashes as a natural consequence of the presence of standing oscillations above sunspot umbrae.