Interacting Thermofield Doubles and Critical Behavior in Random Regular Graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates phase transitions in random regular graphs with applications to quantum gravity and holography, revealing how graph structure influences critical phenomena and potential dual wormhole configurations.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed numerical analysis of phase transitions in exponential random graphs and explores their implications for combinatorial quantum gravity and holography.

Findings

First order phase transition at critical chemical potential for 4-cycles.

Emergence of bipartite phases with hypercube structures depending on vertex degree.

Potential holographic duals involving multiboundary wormholes.

Abstract

We discuss numerically the non-perturbative effects in exponential random graphs which are analogue of eigenvalue instantons in matrix models. The phase structure of exponential random graphs with chemical potential for 4-cycles and degree preserving constraint is clarified. The first order phase transition at critical value of chemical potential for 4-cycles into bipartite phase with a formation of fixed number of bipartite clusters is found for ensemble of random regular graphs (RRG). We consider the similar phase transition in combinatorial quantum gravity based of the Ollivier graph curvature for RRG supplemented with hard-core constraint and show that a order of a phase transition and the structure of emerging phase depend on a vertex degree d in RRG. For d = 3 the bipartite closed ribbon emerges at bipartite phase while for d > 3 the ensemble of isolated or weakly interacting hypercubes supplemented with the bipartite closed ribbon gets emerged at the first order phase transition with a clear-cut hysteresis. If the additional connectedness condition is imposed the bipartite phase gets identified as the closed chain of weakly coupled hypercubes. Since the ground state of isolated hypercube is the thermofield double (TFD) we suggest that the dual holographic picture involves multiboundary wormholes. Treating RRG as a model of a Hilbert space for a interacting many-body system we discuss the patterns of the Hilbert space fragmentation at the phase transition. We also briefly comment on a possible relation of the found phase transition to the problem of holographic interpretation of a partial deconfinement transition in the gauge theories.