Local detailed balance across scales: from diffusions to jump processes and beyond

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that transition rates in coarse-grained diffusive systems with deep energy minima satisfy local detailed balance, linking microscopic dynamics to macroscopic thermodynamic principles.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework showing local detailed balance holds across scales from diffusions to jump processes, including in weakly nonequilibrium conditions.

Findings

Transition rates satisfy local detailed balance (LDB).

LDB relates transition rate ratios to free-energy differences.

LDB persists under coarse graining in weakly nonequilibrium systems.

Abstract

Diffusive dynamics in presence of deep energy minima and weak nongradient forces can be coarse-grained into a mesoscopic jump process over the various basins of attraction. Combining standard weak-noise results with a path integral expansion around equilibrium, we show that the emerging transition rates satisfy local detailed balance (LDB). Namely, the log ratio of the transition rates between nearby basins of attractions equals the free-energy variation appearing at equilibrium, supplemented by the work done by the nonconservative forces along the typical transition path. When the mesoscopic dynamics possesses a large-size deterministic limit, it can be further reduced to a jump process over macroscopic states satisfying LDB. The persistence of LDB under coarse graining of weakly nonequilibrium states is a generic consequence of the fact that only dissipative effects matter close to equilibrium.