Quantifying COVID-19 enforced global changes in atmospheric pollutants using cloud computing based remote sensing

TL;DR

This study uses cloud computing and satellite data to quantify global air quality improvements during COVID-19 lockdowns, especially in megacities, providing valuable insights and tools for climate and pollution modeling.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive satellite-based analysis of air quality changes worldwide during COVID-19, including regions lacking in-situ data, and develops visualization tools using Google Earth Engine.

Findings

Significant reductions in NO2, AOD, and PM 2.5 over megacities.

Quantitative assessment across diverse regions, including Africa.

Development of real-time visualization apps.

Abstract

Global lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to changes in the anthropogenic activities resulting in perceivable air quality improvements. Although several recent studies have analyzed these changes over different regions of the globe, these analyses have been constrained due to the usage of station-based data which is mostly limited upto the metropolitan cities. Also, the quantifiable changes have been reported only for the developed and developing regions leaving the poor economies (e.g. Africa) due to the shortage of in-situ data. Using a comprehensive set of high spatiotemporal resolution satellites and merged products of air pollutants, we analyze the air quality across the globe and quantify the improvement resulting from the suppressed anthropogenic activity during the lockdowns. In particular, we focus on megacities, capitals and cities with high standards of living to make the quantitative assessment. Our results offer valuable insights into the spatial distribution of changes in the air pollutants due to COVID-19 enforced lockdowns. Statistically significant reductions are observed over megacities with mean reduction by 19.74%, 7.38% and 49.9% in nitrogen dioxide (NO2), aerosol optical depth (AOD) and PM 2.5 concentrations. Google Earth Engine empowered cloud computing based remote sensing is used and the results provide a testbed for climate sensitivity experiments and validation of chemistry-climate models. Additionally, Google Earth Engine based apps have been developed to visualize the changes in a real-time fashion.