Angular distribution measurement of atoms evaporated from a resistive oven applied to ion beam production

TL;DR

This study characterizes the angular distribution and flux of calcium atoms evaporated from a resistive oven, developing a Monte Carlo model to understand the evaporation process for ion beam production.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed experimental and simulation analysis of calcium atom evaporation from a resistive oven, including flux measurements, angular distribution, and hysteresis explanation.

Findings

Angular FWHM of atom flux distribution is 53.7° at 848K.

Antoine's coefficients for calcium are A=8.98 and B=7787.

Monte Carlo simulations agree well with experimental data.

Abstract

A low temperature oven has been developed to produce calcium beam with Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). The atom flux from the oven has been studied experimentally as a function of the temperature and the angle of emission by means of a quartz microbalance. The absolute flux measurement permitted to derive Antoine's coefficient for the calcium sample used : A=8.98$\pm$ 0.07 and B=7787$\pm$ 110 in standard unit. The angular FWHM of the atom flux distribution is found to be 53.7{\deg}$\pm$7.3 at 848K, temperature at which the gas behaviour is non collisional. The atom flux hysteresis observed experimentally in several laboratories is explained as follows: at first calcium heating, the evaporation comes from the sample only, resulting in a small evaporation rate. once a full calcium layer has formed on the crucible refractory wall, the calcium evaporation surface includes the crucible's enhancing dramatically the evaporation rate for a given temperature. A Monte-Carlo code, developed to reproduce and investigate the oven behaviour as a function of temperature is presented. A discussion on the gas regime in the oven is proposed as a function of its temperature. A fair agreement between experiment and simulation is found.