Self-adaptation of Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms to hydrodynamic stress

TL;DR

This study investigates how Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms adapt to hydrodynamic stress by altering their structure, composition, and stability, revealing molecular mechanisms behind bacterial self-organization under external forces.

Contribution

It uncovers the molecular and structural changes in biofilms caused by hydrodynamic stress, including increased matrix production and chemical composition shifts, using experimental and computational approaches.

Findings

Hydrodynamic stress increases cell density and matrix production.

Biofilms become mechanically more stable under stress.

Matrix composition shifts towards carbohydrate enrichment.

Abstract

In some conditions, bacteria self-organise into biofilms, supracellular structures made of a self-produced embedding matrix, mainly composed on polysaccharides, DNA, proteins and lipids. It is known that bacteria change their colony/matrix ratio in the presence of external stimuli such as hydrodynamic stress. However, little is still known about the molecular mechanisms driving this self-adaptation. In this work, we monitor structural features of Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms grown with and without hydrodynamic stress. Our measurements show that the hydrodynamic stress concomitantly increases the cell density population and the matrix production. At short growth timescales, the matrix mediates a weak cell-cell attractive interaction due to the depletion forces originated by the polymer constituents. Using a population dynamics model, we conclude that hydrodynamic stress causes a faster diffusion of nutrients and a higher incorporation of planktonic bacteria to the already formed microcolonies. This results in the formation of more mechanically stable biofilms due to an increase of the number of crosslinks, as shown by computer simulations. The mechanical stability also lies on a change in the chemical compositions of the matrix, which becomes enriched in carbohydrates, known to display adhering properties. Overall, we demonstrate that bacteria are capable of self-adapting to hostile hydrodynamic stress by tailoring the biofilm chemical composition, thus affecting both the mesoscale structure of the matrix and its viscoelastic properties that ultimately regulate the bacteria-polymer interactions.