Pseudospectral methods with PML for nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations in classical and non-relativistic regimes

TL;DR

This paper develops and analyzes pseudo-spectral numerical schemes with PML for nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations, introducing new absorption profiles and demonstrating high accuracy and efficiency in both classical and non-relativistic regimes.

Contribution

It proposes novel PML formulations and regularized Bermúdez absorption profiles for improved pseudo-spectral methods applied to nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations.

Findings

Linearly implicit scheme offers higher accuracy with regularized Bermúdez functions.

Error from Bermúdez absorption profiles is insensitive to small parameters in non-relativistic regime.

Method successfully extends to rotating NKGE with vortex dynamics accurately reproduced.

Abstract

Two different Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) formulations with efficient pseudo-spectral numerical schemes are derived for the standard and non-relativistic nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations (NKGE). A pseudo-spectral explicit exponential integrator scheme for a first-order formulation and a linearly implicit preconditioned finite-difference scheme for a second-order formulation are proposed and analyzed. To obtain a high spatial accuracy, new regularized Berm\'udez type absorption profiles are introduced for the PML. It is shown that the two schemes are efficient, but the linearly implicit scheme should be preferred for accuracy purpose when used within the framework of pseudo-spectral methods combined with the regularized Berm\'udez type functions. In addition, in the non-relativistic regime, numerical examples lead to the conclusion that the error related to regularized Berm\'udez type absorption functions is insensitive to the small parameter $\varepsilon$ involved in the NKGE. The paper ends by a two-dimensional example showing that the strategy extends to the rotating NKGE where the vortex dynamics is very well-reproduced.