Free energy and defect $C$-theorem in free scalar theory

TL;DR

This paper classifies conformal defects in free scalar theories using boundary conditions on conformally flat spaces, analyzes their free energies, and supports a defect $C$-theorem through RG flow studies.

Contribution

It provides a classification of conformal defects via boundary conditions and explores their free energy differences, supporting a $C$-theorem in defect conformal field theories.

Findings

Dirichlet boundary conditions always exist for defects.

Neumann boundary conditions are restricted to lower codimension defects.

The free energy difference supports the defect $C$-theorem.

Abstract

We describe conformal defects of $p$ dimensions in a free scalar theory on a $d$-dimensional flat space as boundary conditions on the conformally flat space $\mathbb{H}^{p+1}\times \mathbb{S}^{d-p-1}$. We classify two types of boundary conditions, Dirichlet type and Neumann type, on the boundary of the subspace $\mathbb{H}^{p+1}$ which correspond to the types of conformal defects in the free scalar theory. We find Dirichlet boundary conditions always exist while Neumann boundary conditions are allowed only for defects of lower codimensions. Our results match with a recent classification of the non-monodromy defects, showing Neumann boundary conditions are associated with non-trivial defects. We check this observation by calculating the difference of the free energies on $\mathbb{H}^{p+1}\times \mathbb{S}^{d-p-1}$ between Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. We also examine the defect RG flows from Neumann to Dirichlet boundary conditions and provide more support for a conjectured $C$-theorem in defect CFTs.