Cooling process of brown dwarfs in Palatini f(R) gravity

TL;DR

This paper develops an analytical model for brown dwarf evolution within quadratic Palatini f(R) gravity, incorporating realistic degeneracy and phase transition effects to revise their cooling process.

Contribution

It introduces a more realistic description of brown dwarf states and phase transitions in the context of Palatini f(R) gravity, enhancing previous models.

Findings

Revised cooling process of brown dwarfs in Palatini f(R) gravity

Inclusion of hydrogen metallic-molecular phase transition effects

Improved modeling of partially-degenerate states

Abstract

We present an analytical model for the evolution of brown dwarfs in quadratic Palatini f(R) gravity. We improve previous studies by adopting a more realistic description of the partially-degenerate state that characterizes brown dwarfs. Furthermore, we take into account the hydrogen metallic-molecular phase transition between the interior of the brown dwarf and its photosphere. For such improved model, we revise the cooling process of sub-stellar objects.