Billion-pixel X-ray camera (BiPC-X)
Zhehui Wang, Kaitlin Anagnost, Cris W. Barnes, D. M. Dattelbaum, Eric, R. Fossum, Eldred Lee, Jifeng Liu, J. J. Ma, W. Z. Meijer, Wanyi Nie, C. M., Sweeney, Audrey C. Therrien, Hsinhan Tsai, and Xin Que

TL;DR
This paper introduces the design and prototype of a billion-pixel X-ray camera (BiPC-X) using commercial CMOS sensors, achieving high quantum efficiency, low noise, and high spatial resolution for advanced X-ray imaging applications.
Contribution
It presents a novel scalable design for billion-pixel X-ray cameras based on CMOS sensors, including device models and experimental validation.
Findings
Validated single X-ray sensitivity and spatial resolution experimentally.
Demonstrated potential for wide FOV and large aperture X-ray measurements.
Proposed modified Birks's law for scintillator light-yield nonproportionality.
Abstract
The continuing improvement in quantum efficiency (above 90% for single visible photons), reduction in noise (below 1 electron per pixel), and shrink in pixel pitch (less than 1 micron) motivate billion-pixel X-ray cameras (BiPC-X) based on commercial CMOS imaging sensors. We describe BiPC-X designs and prototype construction based on flexible tiling of commercial CMOS imaging sensors with millions of pixels. Device models are given for direct detection of low energy X-rays ( 10 keV) and indirect detection of higher energies using scintillators. Modified Birks's law is proposed for light-yield nonproportionality in scintillators as a function of X-ray energy. Single X-ray sensitivity and spatial resolution have been validated experimentally using laboratory X-ray source and the Argonne Advanced Photon Source. Possible applications include wide field-of-view (FOV) or large X-ray…
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