The subtlety of Ly-a photons: changing the expected range of the 21-cm signal

TL;DR

This paper investigates how subtle effects of Ly-a radiation, including heating and multiple scattering, influence the 21-cm signal during cosmic dawn and reionization, revealing significant impacts on the signal's strength and power spectrum.

Contribution

It introduces an upgraded model that incorporates Ly-a heating, CMB heating, and multiple scattering effects, providing new insights into the 21-cm signal predictions.

Findings

Ly-a and CMB heating raise gas temperature by up to 100 degrees.

The global 21-cm absorption trough is limited to -165 mK, higher than previous predictions.

Multiple scattering amplifies the power spectrum by a factor of 2-5 at high redshifts.

Abstract

We present the evolution of the 21-cm signal from cosmic dawn and the epoch of reionization (EoR) in an upgraded model including three subtle effects of Ly-a radiation: Ly-a heating, CMB heating (mediated by Ly-a photons), and multiple scattering of Ly-a photons. Taking these effects into account we explore a wide range of astrophysical models and quantify the impact of these processes on the global 21-cm signal and its power spectrum at observable scales and redshifts. We find that, in agreement with the literature, Ly-a and CMB heating raise the gas temperature by up to $\mathcal{O}(100)$ degrees in models with weak X-ray heating and, thus, suppress the predicted 21-cm signals. Varying the astrophysical parameters over broad ranges, we find that in the upgraded model the absorption trough of the global signal reaches a lowest floor of $-165$ mK at redshifts $z\approx 15-19$. This is in contrast with the predictions for a pure adiabatically cooling Universe, for which the deepest possible absorption is a monotonically decreasing function of cosmic time and is $-178$ mK at $z = 19$ and $-216$ mK at $z=15$, dropping to even lower values at lower redshifts (e.g. $-264$ mK at $z = 10$). With the Ly-a and CMB heating included we also observe a strong suppression in the low-redshift power spectra, with the maximum possible power (evaluated over the ensemble of models) attenuated by a factor of $6.6$ at $z=9$ and $k = 0.1$ Mpc$^{-1}$. Finally, we find that at high redshifts corresponding to cosmic dawn, the heating terms have a subdominant effect while multiple scattering of Ly-a photons is important, leading to an amplification of the power spectrum by a factor of $\sim 2-5$.