A small PAM optimises target recognition in the CRISPR-Cas immune system

TL;DR

This study models how small PAM sequences in CRISPR-Cas systems enhance target recognition specificity, balancing immune response effectiveness and minimizing off-target effects in genetic engineering.

Contribution

The paper introduces a stochastic model linking PAM size to recognition specificity, providing insights into optimizing CRISPR-Cas9 for reduced off-target activity.

Findings

Small PAMs improve mismatch discrimination and cleavage speed.

Lower mismatch tolerance in PAM and seed regions.

Model aligns with experimental mismatch sensitivity data.

Abstract

CRISPR-Cas is an adaptive immune mechanism that has been harnessed for a variety of genetic engineering applications: the Cas9 protein recognises a 2-5nt DNA motif, known as the PAM, and a programmable crRNA binds a target DNA sequence that is then cleaved. While off-target activity is undesirable, it occurs because cross-reactivity was beneficial in the immune system on which the machinery is based. Here, a stochastic model of the target recognition reaction was derived to study the specificity of the innate immune mechanism in bacteria. CRISPR systems with Cas9 proteins that recognised PAMs of varying lengths were tested on self and phage DNA. The model showed that the energy associated with PAM binding impacted mismatch tolerance, cleavage probability, and cleavage time. Small PAMs allowed the CRISPR to balance catching mutant phages, avoiding self-targeting, and quickly dissociating from critically non-matching sequences. Additionally, the results revealed a lower tolerance to mismatches in the PAM and a PAM-proximal region known as the seed, as seen in experiments. This work illustrates the role that the Cas9 protein has in dictating the specificity of DNA cleavage that can aid in preventing off-target activity in biotechnology applications.