Jackiw-Teitelboim Gravity in the Second Order Formalism

TL;DR

This paper formulates the path integral for Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity in the second order formalism, analyzing its behavior in AdS and dS spaces with various topologies and matter content, revealing divergences and conditions for finite results.

Contribution

It provides a second order formalism approach to JT gravity path integrals, including matter effects and topologies, extending previous first order formalism results.

Findings

Path integral matches first order formalism in certain limits.

Bosonic matter causes divergences in wormhole moduli space.

Fermionic matter can yield finite tunneling contributions in dS.

Abstract

We formulate the path integral for Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity in the second order formalism working directly with the metric and the dilaton. We consider the theory both in Anti-de Sitter(AdS) and de Sitter space(dS) and analyze the path integral for the disk topology and the "double trumpet" topology with two boundaries. We also consider its behavior in the presence of conformal matter. In the dS case the path integral evaluates the wavefunction of the universe which arises in the no-boundary proposal. In the asymptotic AdS or dS limit without matter we get agreement with the first order formalism. More generally, away from this limit, the path integral is more complicated due to the presence of modes from the gravity-dilaton sector and also matter sector with short wavelengths along the boundary that are smaller than the AdS or dS scales. In the double trumpet case, for both AdS and dS, we find that bosonic matter gives rise to a diverging contribution in the moduli space integral rendering the path integral ill-defined. The divergence occurs when the size of the wormhole neck vanishes and is related to the Casimir effect. For fermions this divergence can be avoided by imposing suitable boundary conditions. In this case, in dS space the resulting path integral gives a finite contribution for two disconnected universes to be produced by quantum tunneling.