Influence of NLTE effects in Fe I lines on inverted atmosphere II. 6301 A and 6302 A lines formed in 3DNLTE

TL;DR

This study examines how 3DNLTE effects and horizontal radiative transfer influence the inversion of Fe I 6301.5 A and 6302.5 A lines, revealing that 3D effects cause localized errors in atmospheric parameters.

Contribution

It extends previous 1DNLTE analyses by incorporating 3DNLTE effects and horizontal RT, quantifying their impact on atmospheric inversions from Fe I line profiles.

Findings

Errors due to neglecting 3D effects are less than 5% in temperature.

Errors in velocity and magnetic field are mostly under 20%.

Horizontal RT effects vary with local temperature gradients.

Abstract

This paper forms the second part of our study on how the neglect of NLTE conditions in the formation of Fe I 6301.5 A and the 6302.5 A lines influences the atmosphere obtained by inverting their profiles in LTE. The main cause of NLTE effects is the line opacity deficit due to the excess ionization of the Fe I atoms by the UV photons in the Sun. In the first paper, the above photospheric lines were assumed to have formed in 1DNLTE and the effects of horizontal radiation transfer (RT) were neglected. In the present paper, the iron lines are computed in 3DNLTE. We investigate the influence of horizontal RT on the inverted atmosphere and how it can enhance or reduce the errors due to the neglect of 1DNLTE effects. The iron lines are computed in LTE, 1DNLTE and 3DNLTE. They all are inverted using an LTE inversion code. The atmosphere from the inversion of LTE profiles is taken as the reference model. The test atmospheres from the inversion of 1DNLTE and 3DNLTE profiles are compared with it. The differences between models are analysed and correspondingly attributed to NLTE and 3D effects. The effects of horizontal RT are evident in regions surrounded by strong horizontal gradients in temperature. In some regions, the 3D effects enhance the 1DNLTE effects while in some, they weaken. The errors due to neglecting the 3D effects are less than 5% in temperature while the errors are mostly less than 20% in both velocity and magnetic field strength. These errors are found to survive spatial and spectral degradation. The neglect of horizontal RT is found to introduce errors in the derived atmosphere. How large the errors are depends on how strong the local horizontal gradients are in temperature. Compared to the 1DNLTE effect, the 3D effects are more localised to specific regions in the atmosphere and overall less dominant.