3D Simulations of Oxygen Shell Burning with and without Magnetic Fields

TL;DR

This paper presents the first 3D MHD simulation of convective oxygen and neon shell burning in a massive star, revealing magnetic field saturation, their influence on shell mixing, and implications for supernova progenitors.

Contribution

It introduces a novel 3D MHD simulation of shell burning in a supernova progenitor, highlighting magnetic field effects on convection and boundary mixing.

Findings

Magnetic fields reach saturation with ~10^{10} G strength.

Magnetic fields inhibit neon entrainment into the oxygen shell.

Magnetic fields do not significantly alter internal convective flow.

Abstract

We present a first 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of convective oxygen and neon shell burning in a non-rotating $18\, M_\odot$ star shortly before core collapse to study the generation of magnetic fields in supernova progenitors. We also run a purely hydrodynamic control simulation to gauge the impact of the magnetic fields on the convective flow and on convective boundary mixing. After about 17 convective turnover times, the magnetic field is approaching saturation levels in the oxygen shell with an average field strength of $\mathord{\sim}10^{10}\, \mathrm{G}$, and does not reach kinetic equipartition. The field remains dominated by small to medium scales, and the dipole field strength at the base of the oxygen shell is only $10^{9}\, \mathrm{G}$. The angle-averaged diagonal components of the Maxwell stress tensor mirror those of the Reynolds stress tensor, but are about one order of magnitude smaller. The shear flow at the oxygen-neon shell interface creates relatively strong fields parallel to the convective boundary, which noticeably inhibit the turbulent entrainment of neon into the oxygen shell. The reduced ingestion of neon lowers the nuclear energy generation rate in the oxygen shell and thereby slightly slows down the convective flow. Aside from this indirect effect, we find that magnetic fields do not appreciably alter the flow inside the oxygen shell. We discuss the implications of our results for the subsequent core-collapse supernova and stress the need for longer simulations, resolution studies, and an investigation of non-ideal effects for a better understanding of magnetic fields in supernova progenitors.