The five axes of the Turtle: symmetry and asymmetry in NGC 6210

TL;DR

This study reveals that NGC 6210, known as the Turtle, has five distinct ejection axes with complex kinematics, including a sudden flip in outflow directions, challenging existing planetary nebula formation models.

Contribution

It provides a detailed three-dimensional kinematic and morphological analysis uncovering five ejection axes and a significant axis flip in NGC 6210.

Findings

Identified five distinct ejection axes in NGC 6210.

Detected a sudden 180-degree flip in outflow directions.

Most low-ionization knots are younger than 2000 years.

Abstract

We carry out a comprehensive kinematic and morphological study of the asymmetrical planetary nebula: NGC 6210, known as the Turtle. The nebula's spectacularly chaotic appearance has led to proposals that it was shaped by mass transfer in a triple star system. We study the three-dimensional structure and kinematics of its shells, lobes, knots, and haloes by combining radial velocity mapping from multiple long-slit spectra with proper motion measurements from multi-epoch imaging. We find that the nebula has five distinct ejection axes. The first is the axis of the bipolar, wind-blown inner shell, while the second is the axis of the lop-sided, elliptical, fainter, but more massive intermediate shell. A further two axes are bipolar flows that form the point symmetric, high-ionization outer lobes, all with inclinations close to the plane of the sky. The final axis, which is inclined close to the line of sight, traces collimated outflows of low-ionization knots. We detect major changes in outflow directions during the planetary nebula phase, starting at or before the initial ionization of the nebula 3500 years ago. Most notably, the majority of redshifted low-ionization knots have kinematic ages greater than 2000 years, whereas the majority of blueshifted knots have ages younger than 2000 years. Such a sudden and permanent 180-degree flip in the ejection axis at a relatively late stage in the nebular evolution is a challenge to models of planetary nebula formation and shaping.