Zero-Sum Triangles for Involutory, Idempotent, Nilpotent and Unipotent Matrices

TL;DR

This paper introduces a zero-sum rule to generate integer triangles of matrices with special properties like involutory, idempotent, nilpotent, and unipotent, facilitating their construction and revealing new combinatorial identities.

Contribution

It proposes a novel zero-sum rule for constructing integer matrices with specific algebraic properties and provides conditions and methods for generating these matrices.

Findings

Generated mostly new integer triangles with special matrix properties

Established conditions for matrices with involutory, idempotent, nilpotent, and unipotent properties

Discovered new combinatorial identities related to these matrices

Abstract

In some matrix formations, factorizations and transformations, we need special matrices with some properties and we wish that such matrices should be easily and simply generated and of integers. In this paper, we propose a zero-sum rule for the recurrence relations to construct integer triangles as triangular matrices with involutory, idempotent, nilpotent and unipotent properties, especially nilpotent and unipotent matrices of index 2. With the zero-sum rule we also give the conditions for the special matrices and the generic methods for the generation of those special matrices. The generated integer triangles are mostly newly discovered, and more combinatorial identities can be found with them.