A "no-drift" runaway pile-up of pebbles in protoplanetary disks in which midplane turbulence increases with radius

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new 'no-drift' runaway pile-up mechanism in protoplanetary disks with increasing turbulence radius, which promotes planetesimal formation by pebble accumulation independent of pressure bumps.

Contribution

It demonstrates a novel pebble pile-up process driven by turbulence structure and back-reaction effects, advancing understanding of planetesimal formation pathways.

Findings

Runaway pebble accumulation occurs when turbulence decreases in the dead zone.

High pebble-to-gas flux ratio enhances pebble pile-up.

The process is independent of pressure bumps in the disk.

Abstract

A notable challenge of planet formation is to find a path to directly form planetesimals from small particles. We aim to understand how drifting pebbles pile up in a protoplanetary disk with a non-uniform turbulence structure. We consider a disk structure in which the midplane turbulence viscosity is increasing with radius in protoplanetary disks as in the outer region of a dead zone. We perform 1D diffusion-advection simulations of pebbles that include back-reaction (the inertia) to radial drift and vertical/radial diffusion of pebbles for a given pebble-to-gas mass flux. We report a new mechanism, the "no-drift" runaway pile-up, leading to a runaway accumulation of pebbles in disks, thus favoring the formation of planetesimals by streaming and/or gravitational instabilities. This occurs when pebbles drifting in from the outer disk and entering a dead zone experience a decrease in vertical turbulence. The scale height of the pebble subdisk then decreases, and for small enough values of the turbulence in the dead zone and high values of the pebble to gas flux ratio, the back-reaction of pebbles on gas leads to a significant decrease in their drift velocity and thus their progressive accumulation. This occurs when the ratio of the flux of pebbles to that of the gas is large enough so that the effect dominates over any Kelvin-Helmholtz shear instability. This process is independent of the existence of a pressure bump.