One-particle and two-particle visibilities in bipartite entangled Gaussian states

TL;DR

This paper extends the concept of complementarity between one- and two-particle visibility to bipartite entangled Gaussian states, introducing a direct measurement method and revealing a mathematical symmetry in their distributions.

Contribution

It develops a direct method to quantify two-particle visibility using compatible observables and identifies a symmetry in the distributions, enhancing understanding of quantum complementarity in Gaussian states.

Findings

The direct method accurately quantifies two-particle visibility.

Complementarity relation becomes exact for ideal EPR states.

Rotated marginal distributions elucidate two-particle visibility.

Abstract

Complementarity between one- and two-particle visibility in discrete systems can be extended to bipartite quantum-entangled Gaussian states. The meaning of the two-particle visibility originally defined by Jaeger, Horne, Shimony, and Vaidman with the use of an indirect method that first corrects the two-particle probability distribution by adding and subtracting other distributions with varying degree of entanglement, however, deserves further analysis. Furthermore, the origin of complementarity between one-particle visibility and two-particle visibility is somewhat elusive and it is not entirely clear what is the best way to associate particular two-particle quantum observables with the two-particle visibility. Here, we develop a direct method for quantifying the two-particle visibility based on measurement of a pair of two-particle observables that are compatible with the measured pair of single-particle observables. For each of the two-particle observables the corresponding visibility is computed, after which the absolute difference of the latter pair of visibilities is considered as a redefinition of the two-particle visibility. Our approach reveals a mathematical symmetry as it treats the two pairs of one-particle or two-particle observables on equal footing by formally identifying all four observable distributions as rotated marginal distributions of the original two-particle probability distribution. The complementarity relation between one-particle visibility and two-particle visibility obtained with the direct method is exact in the limit of infinite Gaussian precision where the entangled Gaussian state approaches an ideal EPR state. The presented results demonstrate the theoretical utility of rotated marginal distributions for elucidating the nature of two-particle visibility and provide tools for the development of quantum applications employing continuous variables.