Topological and geometrical aspects of band theory

TL;DR

This paper offers a comprehensive pedagogical overview of recent advances in geometrical and topological band theory, emphasizing their connections to high-energy physics and illustrating with models like graphene and topological insulators.

Contribution

It provides a detailed introduction to topological band theory, including mathematical tools and models, with new insights into the topological properties of insulators and semi-metals.

Findings

Topological invariants characterize Fermi surfaces as defects.

Models like Haldane and Weyl semimetals illustrate topological phases.

Connections between condensed matter and high-energy physics are highlighted.

Abstract

This paper provides a pedagogical introduction to recent developments in geometrical and topological band theory following the discovery of graphene and topological insulators. Amusingly, many of these developments have a connection to contributions in high-energy physics by Dirac. The review starts by a presentation of the Dirac magnetic monopole, goes on with the Berry phase in a two-level system and the geometrical/topological band theory for Bloch electrons in crystals. Next, specific examples of tight-binding models giving rise to lattice versions of the Dirac equation in various space dimension are presented: in 1D (Su-Schrieffer-Heeger and Rice-Mele models), 2D (graphene, boron nitride, Haldane model) and 3D (Weyl semi-metals). The focus is on topological insulators and topological semi-metals. The latter have a Fermi surface that is characterized as a topological defect. For topological insulators, the two alternative view points of twisted fiber bundles and of topological textures are developed. The minimal mathematical background in topology (essentially on homotopy groups and fiber bundles) is provided when needed. Topics rarely reviewed include: periodic versus canonical Bloch Hamiltonian (basis I/II issue), Zak versus Berry phase, the vanishing electric polarization of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model and Dirac insulators.