Finite temperature spectrum at the symmetry-breaking linear-zigzag transition

TL;DR

This study examines the finite-temperature normal mode spectrum of a trapped ion chain near the linear-zigzag transition, revealing thermal effects that obscure expected mode softening and proposing an analytical model to describe these phenomena.

Contribution

The paper introduces an effective analytical model that explains thermal shifts in the normal mode spectrum near the phase transition in ion chains.

Findings

Mode softening is not observed at the critical point due to finite temperature effects.

Thermal fluctuations cause ions to jump between ground state configurations.

The analytical model reproduces the low-frequency spectrum considering thermal and anharmonic effects.

Abstract

We investigate the normal mode spectrum of a trapped ion chain at the symmetry-breaking linear to zigzag transition and at finite temperatures. For this purpose we modulate the amplitude of the Doppler cooling laser in order to excite and measure mode oscillations. The expected mode softening at the critical point, a signature of the second-order transition, is not observed. Numerical simulations show that this is mainly due to the finite temperature of the chain. Inspection of the trajectories suggest that the thermal shifts of the normal-mode spectrum can be understood by the ions collectively jumping between the two ground state configurations of the symmetry broken phase. We develop an effective analytical model, which allows us to reproduce the low-frequency spectrum as a function of the temperature and close to the transition point. In this model the frequency shift of the soft mode is due to the anharmonic coupling with the high frequency modes of the spectrum, acting as an averaged effective thermal environment. Our study could prove important for implementing ground-state laser cooling close to the critical point.