Theory of Dirac spin liquids on spin-$S$ triangular lattice: possible application to $\alpha$-CrOOH(D)

TL;DR

This paper develops a theoretical framework for Dirac spin liquids on triangular lattices with arbitrary spin-$S$, exploring their emergent gauge fields, phases, and potential experimental signatures, especially for $S=3/2$ systems like $ ext{ extalpha}$-CrOOH(D).

Contribution

It introduces a $U(2S)$ Dirac spin liquid model for spin-$S$ systems and discusses possible phases, including $U(1)$ and $U(2S)$ gauge theories, with implications for experiments on $ ext{ extalpha}$-CrOOH(D).

Findings

$U(2S)$ gauge theories describe spin-$S$ Dirac spin liquids.

Large $S$ leads to confinement and magnetic order.

For $S=3/2$, a $U(1)$ DSL is also plausible and consistent with experiments.

Abstract

Triangular lattice quantum antiferromagnet has recently emerged to be a promising playground for realizing Dirac spin liquids (DSLs) -- a class of highly entangled quantum phases hosting emergent gauge fields and gapless Dirac fermions. While previous theories and experiments focused mainly on $S=1/2$ spin systems, more recently signals of a DSL were detected in an $S=3/2$ system $\alpha$-CrOOH(D). In this work we develop a theory of DSLs on triangular lattice with spin-$S$ moments. We argue that in the most natural scenario, a spin-$S$ system realizes a $U(2S)$ DSL, described at low energy by gapless Dirac fermions coupled with an emergent $U(2S)$ gauge field (also known as $U(2S)$ QCD$_3$). An appealing feature of this scenario is that at sufficiently large $S$, the $U(2S)$ QCD becomes intrinsically unstable toward spontaneous symmetry breaking and confinement. The confined phase is simply the $120^{\circ}$ coplanar magnetic order, which agrees with semiclassical (large-$S$) results on simple Heisenberg-like models. Other scenarios are nevertheless possible, especially at small $S$ when quantum fluctuations are strong. For $S=3/2$, we argue that a $U(1)$ DSL is also theoretically possible and phenomenologically compatible with existing measurements. One way to distinguish the $U(3)$ DSL from the $U(1)$ DSL is to break time-reversal symmetry, for example by adding a spin chirality term $\vec{S}_i\cdot(\vec{S}_j\times\vec{S}_k)$ in numerical simulations: the $U(1)$ DSL becomes the standard Kalmeyer-Laughlin chiral spin liquid with semion/anti-semion excitation; the $U(3)$ DSL, in contrast, becomes a non-abelian chiral spin liquid described by the $SU(2)_3$ topological order, with Fibonacci-like anyons.