Stable stratification promotes multiple zonal jets in a turbulent Jovian dynamo model

TL;DR

This study develops a global Jovian dynamo model with a stably-stratified layer, demonstrating that such stratification promotes multiple zonal jets and influences magnetic field features, aligning with observational constraints from Juno data.

Contribution

First global Jovian dynamo simulation incorporating a stable stratified layer, showing its role in jet formation and magnetic field characteristics.

Findings

Multiple zonal jets can form with stable stratification.

Magnetic energy dominates over kinetic energy in the metallic core.

Stable layers near 0.9-0.95 R_J are consistent with observations.

Abstract

The ongoing NASA's Juno mission puts new constraints on the internal dynamics of Jupiter. Data gathered by its onboard magnetometer reveal a dipole-dominated surface magnetic field accompanied by strong localised magnetic flux patches. The gravity measurements indicate that the fierce surface zonal jets extend several thousands of kilometers below the cloud level before rapidly decaying below $0.94-0.96\,R_J$, $R_J$ being the mean Jovian radius at the one bar level. Several internal models suggest an intricate internal structure with a thin intermediate region in which helium would segregate from hydrogen, forming a compositionally-stratified layer. Here, we develop the first global Jovian dynamo which incorporates an intermediate stably-stratified layer between $0.82\,R_J$ and $0.86\,R_J$. Analysing the energy balance reveals that the magnetic energy is almost one order of magnitude larger than kinetic energy in the metallic region, while most of the kinetic energy is pumped into zonal motions in the molecular envelope. Those result from the different underlying force hierarchy with a triple balance between Lorentz, Archimedean and ageostrophic Coriolis forces in the metallic core and inertia, buoyancy and ageostrophic Coriolis forces controlling the external layers. The simulation presented here is the first to demonstrate that multiple zonal jets and dipole-dominated dynamo action can be consolidated in a global simulation. The inclusion of an stable layer is a necessary ingredient that allows zonal jets to develop in the outer envelope without contributing to the dynamo action in the deeper metallic region. Stable stratification however also smooths out the small-scale features of the magnetic field by skin effect. These constraints suggest that possible stable layers in Jupiter should be located much closer to the surface ($0.9-0.95\,R_J$).