Enhanced species coexistence in Lotka-Volterra competition models due to nonlocal interactions

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that nonlocal interactions in spatial Lotka-Volterra models can generate spatial patterns that promote coexistence of competing species, potentially explaining biodiversity in ecological communities.

Contribution

It introduces and analyzes a novel spatial Lotka-Volterra model with nonlocal interactions, revealing their role in creating coexistence-favoring spatial patterns.

Findings

Nonlocal interactions induce spatial patterns with alternating populated and unpopulated regions.

These patterns create niches allowing weaker competitors to persist.

The structure of population clumps varies with competition balance, from M-like to triangular forms.

Abstract

We introduce and analyze a spatial Lotka-Volterra competition model with local and nonlocal interactions. We study two alternative classes of nonlocal competition that differ in how each species' characteristics determine the range of the nonlocal interactions. In both cases, nonlocal interactions can create spatial patterns of population densities in which highly populated clumps alternate with unpopulated regions. This non-populated regions provide spatial niches for a weaker competitor to establish in the community and persist in conditions in which local models predict competitive exclusion. Moreover, depending on the balance between local and nonlocal competition intensity, the clumps of the weaker competitor vary from M-like structures with higher densities of individuals accumulating at the edges of each clump to triangular structures with most individuals occupying their centers. These results suggest that long-range competition, through the creation of spatial patterns in population densities, might be an important driving force behind the rich diversity of species observed in real ecological communities.