Comparison of geomagnetic indices during even and odd solar cycles SC17-SC24: Signatures of Gnevyshev gap in geomagnetic activity

TL;DR

This study examines the Gnevyshev gap in sunspot-group areas and its impact on geomagnetic activity indices across solar cycles 17-24, revealing cycle-dependent differences in the timing and magnitude of geomagnetic disturbances.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the Gnevyshev gap's signature in geomagnetic indices and highlights differences between even and odd solar cycles in these patterns.

Findings

Significant decline in geomagnetic indices during the Gnevyshev gap period.

Cycle-dependent differences in timing and magnitude of geomagnetic activity.

Quantitative reduction percentages in indices during the gap period.

Abstract

We show that the time series of sunspot-group areas has a gap, the so-called Gnevyshev gap (GG), between ascending and descending phases of the cycle and especially so for the even-numbered cycles. For the odd cycles this gap is less obvious, and is only a small decline after the maximum of the cycle. We resample the cycles to have the same length of 3945 days (about 10.8 years), and show that the decline is between 1445-1567 days after the start of the cycle for the even cycles, and extending sometimes until 1725 days from the start of the cycle. For the odd cycles the gap is a little earlier, 1332-1445 days after the start of the cycles with no extension. We analyze geomagnetic disturbances for Solar Cycles 17-24 using the Dst-index, the related Dxt- and Dcx-indices, and the Ap-index. In all of these time series there is a decline at the time, or somewhat after, the GG in the solar indices, and it is as deepest between 1567-1725 days for the even cycles and between 1445-1567 days for the odd cycles. The averages of these indices for even cycles in the interval 1445-1725 are 46%, 46%, 18%, and 29% smaller compared to surrounding intervals of similar length for Dst, Dxt, Dcx, and Ap, respectively. For odd cycles the averages of the Dst- and Dxt-indices between 1322-1567 days are 31% and 12% smaller than the surrounding intervals, but not smaller for the Dcx-index and only 4% smaller for the Ap-index. The declines are significant at the 99% level for both even and odd cycles of the Dst-index and for Dxt-, Dcx- and Ap-indices for even cycles. For odd cycles of the Dxt-index the significance is 95%, but the decline is insignificant for odd cycles of the Dcx- and Ap-indices.