Exhaustive study of three-time periods of solar activity due to single active regions: sunspot, flare, CME, and, geo-effective characteristics

TL;DR

This study analyzes solar activity during specific periods, linking active regions' characteristics to flare and CME occurrences, and assessing their geo-effectiveness, revealing that larger, complex active regions produce faster CMEs and moderate geomagnetic storms.

Contribution

It provides a detailed multi-wavelength analysis of active regions during three periods, highlighting the relationship between active region properties and CME speed and geo-effectiveness.

Findings

Larger, complex active regions are more likely to produce fast CMEs.

60% of X-class flares are associated with CMEs.

10% of CMEs caused moderate geomagnetic storms.

Abstract

In this paper, we present the multi-wavelength study of a high level of solar activity during which a single active region produced multiple flares/CMEs. According to the sunspot observations, the current solar cycle 24 manifest to be less intense in comparison with the previous recent sunspot cycles. In the course of the current sunspot cycle 24, several small and large sunspot groups have produced various moderate and intense flare/CME events. There are a few active regions with a large number of flaring activities passed across the visible disk of the Sun during 2012-2015. In this study, we consider the three periods 22-29 Oct 2013, 01-08 Nov 2013, and 25 Oct- 08-Nov 2014, during which 228 flares have been observed. Considering only active regions near the central part of the disk, 59 CMEs (halo or partial) have been reported among which only 39 events are associated with flares. We conclude that an active region with a larger area, more complex morphology and stronger magnetic field has a comparatively higher possibility of producing extremely fast CMEs (speed > 1500 km/sec). So that among the 5 X class flares of the reported periods, 3 of them (60%) are associated with a CME. The lift-off time for CME-flare associated events has a +15 to+30 minute time interval range after the occurrence time of associated flares suggesting that the flares produce the CMEs. Additionally, we compiled the geomagnetic storms occurring within1-5 days after the CME onset. 10% of the 59 CMEs are related to a magnetic storm but all are moderate storms.