Strongly pulsed thermal X-rays from a single extended hot spot on PSR J2021+4026

TL;DR

This study confirms steady X-ray flux from PSR J2021+4026 and reveals a large, hot, extended polar cap emitting thermal X-rays, with properties best modeled by a magnetized atmosphere, indicating age-dependent thermal emission features.

Contribution

First detailed X-ray spectral and timing analysis of PSR J2021+4026 using XMM-Newton data, revealing an extended hot spot and constraining the pulsar's geometry and emission mechanisms.

Findings

Hot spot temperature ~1 MK and size ~5-6 km

High pulsed fraction (80-90%) in X-ray emission

Presence of unpulsed non-thermal component likely from wind nebula

Abstract

The radio-quiet pulsar PSR J2021+4026 is mostly known because it is the only rotation-powered pulsar that shows variability in its {\gamma}-ray emission. Using XMM-Newton archival data, we first confirmed that its flux is steady in the X-ray band, and then we showed that both the spectral and timing X-ray properties, i.e. the narrow pulse profile, the high pulsed fraction of 80-90% and its dependence on the energy, can be better reproduced using a magnetized atmosphere model instead of a simply blackbody. With a maximum likelihood analysis in the energy-phase space, we inferred that the pulsar has, in correspondence of one magnetic pole, a hot spot of temperature T~1 MK and colatitude extension {\theta}~20{\deg}. For the pulsar distance of 1.5 kpc, this corresponds to a cap of R~5-6 km, greater than the standard dimension of the dipolar polar caps. The large pulsed fraction further argues against emission from the entire star surface, as it would be expected in the case of secular cooling. An unpulsed (<40% pulsed fraction), non-thermal component, probably originating in a wind nebula, is also detected. The pulsar geometry derived with our spectral fits in the X-ray is relatively well constrained ({\chi}=90{\deg} and {\xi}=20-25{\deg}) and consistent with that deduced from {\gamma}-ray observations, provided that only one of the two hemispheres is active. The evidence for an extended hot spot in PSR J2021+4026, found also in other pulsars of similar age but not in older objects, suggests a possible age dependence of the emitting size of thermal X-rays.