Intensity Pattern Types in Broadband Fourier Domain Mode-Locked (FDML) Lasers Operating Beyond the Ultra-Stable Regime

TL;DR

This paper investigates the complex intensity pattern formations in broadband FDML lasers operating beyond the ultra-stable regime, linking spectral dynamics to pattern types through numerical simulations and experimental analysis.

Contribution

It identifies the physical mechanisms behind pattern formation in FDML lasers and provides a detailed analysis of their spectral and temporal characteristics.

Findings

Pattern types depend on spectral position relative to the filter window.

Spectral properties are influenced by phase-offset accumulation.

Dips in intensity have characteristic durations and evolution patterns.

Abstract

We report on the formation of various intensity pattern types in detuned Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) lasers and identify the corresponding operating conditions. Such patterns are a result of the complex laser dynamics and serve as an ideal tool for the study of the underlying physical processes as well as for model verification. By numerical simulation we deduce that the formation of patterns is related to the spectral position of the instantaneous laser lineshape with respect to the transmission window of the swept bandpass filter. The spectral properties of the lineshape are determined by a long-term accumulation of phase-offsets, resulting in rapid high-amplitude intensity fluctuations in the time domain due to the narrow intra-cavity bandpass filter and the fast response time of the semiconductor optical amplifier gain medium. Furthermore, we present the distribution of the duration of dips in the intensity trace by running the laser in the regime in which dominantly dips form, and give insight into their evolution over a large number of roundtrips.