Ternary Quarter Wavelength Coatings for Gravitational Wave Detector Mirrors: Design Optimization via Exhaustive Search

TL;DR

This paper explores the design of ternary quarter-wavelength optical coatings for gravitational wave detector mirrors, optimizing material sequences to minimize thermal noise while satisfying optical constraints through exhaustive simulations.

Contribution

It introduces an exhaustive search method to identify optimal ternary coating configurations, confirming the stacking pattern and quantifying noise reduction potential.

Findings

Optimal coatings are stacks of (H'|L) doublets topped by (H|L) doublets.

Achieved thermal noise reduction factor is approximately 0.5.

Optimal designs are robust against layer thickness errors and optical loss uncertainties.

Abstract

Multimaterial optical coatings are a promising viable option to meet the challenging requirements (in terms of transmittance, absorbance and thermal noise) of next generation gravitational wave detector mirrors. In this paper we focus on ternary coatings consisting of quarter-wavelength thick layers, where a third material (H') is added to the two presently in use, namely Silica (L) and Titania-doped Tantala (H), featuring higher dielectric contrast (against Silica), and lower thermal noise (compared to Titania-doped Tantala), but higher optical losses. We seek the optimal material sequences, featuring minimal thermal (Brownian) noise under prescribed transmittance and absorbance constraints, by exhaustive simulation over all possible configurations, for different values (in a meaningful range) of the optical density and extinction coefficient of the third material. In all cases studied, the optimal designs consist of a stack of (H'|L) doublets topped by a stack of (H|L) doublets, confirming previous heuristic assumptions, and the achievable coating noise power spectral density reduction factor is \sim 0.5. The robustness of the found optimal designs against layer thickness deposition errors and uncertainties and/or fluctuations in the optical losses of the third material is also investigated. Possible margins for further thermal noise reduction by layer thickness optimization, and strategies to implement it, are discussed.