Multiband Weighting of X-ray Polarization Data

TL;DR

This paper develops optimal estimators for X-ray polarization data that account for energy-dependent modulation factors, enabling broader analysis bands and improved sensitivity, especially for faint or weakly polarized sources.

Contribution

It introduces new optimal estimators for polarization analysis that incorporate energy-dependent modulation factors, enhancing measurement accuracy for weak signals.

Findings

Minimum detectable polarization improved by 6-7% with weighted modulation factors.

Further 10-15% improvement possible with neural network-based modulation factor enhancement.

Performance depends on spectral shape and instrument response details.

Abstract

An optimal estimate for Stokes parameters is derived for the situation in X-ray astronomy where the instrument has a modulation factor that varies significantly with energy but the signals are very weak or mildly polarized. For such sources, the band of analysis may be broadened in order to obtain a significant polarization measurement. Optimal estimators are provided for the cases of binned and unbinned data and applied to data such as might be obtained for faint or weakly polarized sources observed using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). For a sample situation, the improvement in the minimum detectable polarization is 6-7% using a count weighted root-mean-square of the modulation factor, when compared to a count weighted average. Improving the modulation factor, such as when using a neural network approach to IXPE event tracks, can provide additional improvement up to 10-15%. The actual improvement depends on the spectral shape and the details of the instrument response functions.