Spherical symmetric dust collapse in a Vector-Tensor gravity

TL;DR

This paper investigates how a specific vector-tensor gravity theory alters the classical dust collapse process, potentially halting collapse through gravitational repulsion and affecting black hole formation.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of dust collapse in a vector-tensor gravity framework, revealing new effects like collapse stopping mechanisms not present in general relativity.

Findings

Vector-tensor gravity can prevent complete collapse of dust clouds.

Multiple solutions for dust collapse are identified and analyzed.

The study explores the formation of horizons and trapped surfaces under VTG.

Abstract

There is a viable vector-tensor gravity (VTG) theory, whose vector field produces repulsive forces leading to important effects. In the background universe, the effect of these forces is an accelerated expansion identical to that produced by vacuum energy (cosmological constant). Here, we prove that another of these effects arises for great enough collapsing masses which lead to Schwarzschild black holes and singularities in general relativity (GR). For these masses, pressure becomes negligible against gravitational attraction and the complete collapse cannot be stopped in the context of GR; however, in VTG, a strong gravitational repulsion could stop the falling of the shells towards the symmetry center. A certain study of a collapsing dust cloud is then developed and, in order to undertake this task, the VTG equations in comoving coordinates are written. In this sense and, as it happens in general relativity for a pressureless dust ball, three different solutions are found. These three situations are analyzed and the problem of the shell crossings is approached. The apparent horizons and trapped surfaces, whose analysis will lead to diverse situations, depending on certain theory characteristic parameter value, are also examined.