Fully coupled electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical comparative simulation of direct vs hybrid microwave sintering of 3Y-ZrO 2

TL;DR

This study develops a fully coupled electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical simulation to compare direct and hybrid microwave sintering of 3Y-ZrO2, revealing that hybrid heating reduces thermal inhomogeneity and prevents specimen distortions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel integrated simulation framework for microwave sintering, demonstrating the advantages of hybrid heating over direct heating in achieving uniform densification.

Findings

Hybrid heating reduces thermal inhomogeneity.

Hybrid heating prevents specimen shape distortions.

Smaller samples stabilize temperature and density distributions.

Abstract

Direct and hybrid microwave sintering of 3Y-ZrO 2 are comparatively studied at frequency of 2.45 GHz. Using the continuum theory of sintering, a fully coupled electromagnetic-thermalmechanical (EMTM) finite element simulation is carried out to predict powder samples deformation during their microwave processing. Direct and hybrid heating configurations are computationally tested using advanced heat transfer simulation tools including the surface to surface thermal radiation boundary conditions and a numeric proportional-integral-derivative (PID) regulation. The developed modeling framework shows a good agreement of the calculation results with the known experimental data on the microwave sintering of 3Y-ZrO 2 in terms of the densification kinetics. It is shown that the direct heating configuration renders highly hot spot effects resulting in non-homogenous densification causing processed specimen's final shape distortions. Compared to the direct heating, the hybrid heating configuration provides a reduction of the thermal inhomogeneity along with a densification homogenization. As a result of the hybrid heating, the total densification of the specimen is attained without specimen distortions. It is also shown that the reduction of the sample size has a stabilization effect on the temperature and relative density spatial distributions.