Characteristics of Al/Ge Schottky and Ohmic contacts at low temperatures

TL;DR

This study investigates the temperature-dependent electrical characteristics of Al/Ge Schottky and Ohmic contacts, revealing how temperature influences barrier height, charge neutrality level, and diode behavior in low-temperature conditions.

Contribution

It provides detailed analysis of Al/Ge contact behavior at low temperatures, including barrier height variation, charge neutrality level shifts, and effects of annealing on doping profiles.

Findings

Schottky barrier height increases with temperature for p-Ge.

Charge neutrality level shifts cause diode current direction change.

Annealing induces Al doping, affecting I-V characteristics.

Abstract

Schottky barrier contact has been fabricated by thermal deposition of Al on (100) Ge (impurity concentration~1010/cm3 at 80K) that shows extrinsic p-type to intrinsic n-type transition near 180K. Both p and n-type Ge exhibits ideal Schottky behaviour with low reverse current and near unity ideality factors obtained from the linear form of temperature dependent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. The diode current at various temperatures change its direction at non-zero applied bias that reflects a shift in position of charge neutrality level (CNL) from the Fermi level of Ge. With the rise in temperature, Schottky barrier height (SBH) steadily increases for p-Ge that can be understood on the basis of observed variation in CNL. Values of SBH determined from the zero bias Richardson plot agrees well with that estimated from the Schottky-Mott rule for strongly pinned interface. Activation energies are determined from the Richardson plot at various forward voltages and found to decrease with applied bias for n-Ge but reduces to zero for p-Ge that shows work function similar to Al. Annealing of Al/Ge induces regrowth of p-type Al doped Ge layer that exhibits gradual reduction of Al concentration towards p-Ge crystal. Al doped Ge(P+)/Ge (P) junction thus fabricated shows linear current-voltage (I-V) characteristics in the extrinsic region (below 180K). In the intrinsic region (above 180K), rectification is observed in the I-V curve due to temperature dependent change in conductivity of both Al doped Ge layer and Ge crystal.