A Thermodynamics Model for Mechanochemical Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles: Implications for Solvent-free Nanoparticle Production

TL;DR

This paper introduces a thermodynamics-based XPFC model with ballistic forces to understand and predict the mechanochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles, providing insights into reaction dynamics and grain size control.

Contribution

It presents a novel structural-phase-field-crystal model incorporating ballistic effects to simulate solid-phase nanoparticle formation during mechanochemistry.

Findings

Ballistic term reduces activation energy, enabling reactions at lower temperatures.

Model explains grain size reduction mechanisms consistent with experiments.

Simulations offer mechanistic insights into nanoparticle growth dynamics.

Abstract

Mechanochemistry is becoming an established method for the sustainable, solid-phase synthesis of scores of nano-materials and molecules, ranging from active pharmaceutical ingredients to materials for cleantech. Yet we are still lacking a good model to rationalize experimental observations and develop a mechanistic understanding of the factors at play during mechanically assisted, solid-phase nanoparticle synthesis. We propose herein a structural-phase-field-crystal (XPFC) model with a ballistic driving force to describe such a process, with the specific example of the growth of gold nanoparticles in a two component mixture. The reaction path is described in the context of free energy landscape of the model, and dynamical simulations are performed based on phenomenological model parameters closely corresponding to the experimental conditions, so as to draw conclusions on nanoparticle growth dynamics. It is shown that the ballistic term lowers the activation energy barrier of reaction, enabling the reaction in a temperature regime compatible with experimental observations. The model also explains the mechanism of precipitated grain size reduction that is consistent with experimental observations. Our simulation results afford novel mechanistic insights into mechanosynthesis with implications for nanaparticle production and beyond.