The Quantum Cluster Variational Method and the Phase Diagram of the quantum ferromagnetic $J_1$-$J_2$ model

TL;DR

This paper uses the Quantum Cluster Variational Method to analyze the phase diagram of the quantum $J_1$-$J_2$ Ising model, revealing how quantum fluctuations influence phase transitions and induce new phases.

Contribution

It applies the QCVM to the $J_1$-$J_2$ model, providing new insights into quantum fluctuation effects on phase transitions and phase diagram topology.

Findings

Quantum fluctuations can alter the order of phase transitions.

A gap can form between ferromagnetic and stripe phases due to quantum effects.

A nematic phase emerges when both longitudinal and transverse fields are present.

Abstract

We exploit the Quantum Cluster Variational Method (QCVM) to study the $J_1$-$J_2$ model for quantum Ising spins. We first describe the QCVM and discuss how it is related to other Mean Field approximations. The phase diagram of the model is studied at the level of the Kikuchi approximation in square lattices as a function of the ratio between $g = J_2/J_1$ , the temperature and the longitudinal and transverse external fields. Our results show that quantum fluctuations may change the order of the transition and induce a gap between the ferromagnetic and the stripe phases. Moreover, when both longitudinal and transverse fields are present, thermal fluctuations and quantum effects contribute to the appearance of a nematic phase.