On wedge-slamming pressures

TL;DR

This study investigates wedge and cone impact pressures during water entry, comparing experimental measurements with Wagner theory models and analyzing pre-impact air cushioning effects through experiments and simulations.

Contribution

It provides experimental validation of Wagner-based models for impact pressures and introduces a new technique to measure pre-impact air cushioning effects.

Findings

Pressure measurements align with Wagner model predictions.

Pre-impact air cushioning is governed by potential flow dynamics.

Experimental and simulation results confirm the role of air layer in impact behavior.

Abstract

The water entry of a wedge has become a model test in marine and naval engineering research. Wagner theory, originating in 1932, predicts impact pressures, and accounts for contributions to the total pressure arising from various flow domains in the vicinity of the wetting region on the wedge. Here we study the slamming of a wedge and a cone at a constant, well-controlled velocity throughout the impact event using high fidelity sensors. Pressures at two locations on the impactor are measured during and after impact. Pressure time series from the two impactors are discussed using inertial pressure and time scales. The non-dimensionalised pressure time series are compared to sensor-integrated averaged composite Wagner solutions (Zhao & Faltinsen 1993), Logvinovich (1969, 4.7), modified Logvinovich (Korobkin & Malenica 2005) and generalised Wagner models (Korobkin 2004). In addition, we provide an independent experimental justification of approximations made in the literature in extending the Wagner model to three-dimensions. The second part of the paper deals with pre-impact air cushioning -- an important concern since it is responsible for determining the thickness of air layer trapped upon impact. Using a custom-made technique we measure the air-water interface dynamics as it responds to the build up of pressure in the air layer intervening in between the impactor and the free surface. We show both experimentally and using two-fluid boundary integral (BI) simulations, that the pre-impact deflection of the interface due to air-cushioning is fully described by potential flow.