Fluid inertial torque is an effective gyrotactic mechanism for settling elongated micro-swimmers

TL;DR

This paper introduces fluid inertial torque as a novel gyrotactic mechanism that causes elongated micro-swimmers like plankton to spontaneously orient upward, influencing their behavior in turbulent marine environments.

Contribution

The study reveals fluid inertial torque as a new gyrotactic mechanism affecting micro-swimmer orientation, supported by analytical and numerical analysis.

Findings

Swimmers spontaneously swim opposite to gravity due to inertial torque.

Orientation depends on the reorientation time scale, especially near Kolmogorov time scale.

Fluid inertial torque stabilizes upward orientation of plankton-like micro-swimmers.

Abstract

Marine plankton are usually modeled as settling elongated micro-swimmers. For the first time, we consider the torque induced by fluid inertia on such swimmers, and we discover that they spontaneously swim in the direction opposite to gravity. We analyze the equilibrium orientation of swimmers in quiescent fluid and the mean orientation in turbulent flows using direct numerical simulations. Similar to well-known gyrotaxis mechanisms, the effect of fluid inertial torque can be quantified by an effective reorientation time scale. We show that the orientation of swimmers strongly depends on the reorientation time scale, and swimmers exhibit strong preferential alignment in upward direction when the time scale is of the same order of Kolmogorov time scale. Our findings suggest that the fluid inertial torque is a new mechanism of gyrotaxis that stabilizes the upward orientation of micro-swimmers such as plankton.