On the Request-Trip-Vehicle Assignment Problem

TL;DR

This paper introduces an LP-based randomized rounding algorithm for the request-trip-vehicle assignment problem, achieving near-optimal expected costs and low unassigned request fractions, with practical efficiency demonstrated through computational experiments.

Contribution

It develops a novel LP relaxation and randomized rounding method for vehicle routing, providing theoretical guarantees and practical heuristics that outperform traditional ILP solutions.

Findings

Expected cost at most optimal solution

Expected unassigned requests at most 1/e

Heuristic matches ILP performance with less computation

Abstract

The request-trip-vehicle assignment problem is at the heart of a popular decomposition strategy for online vehicle routing. In this framework, assignments are done in batches in order to exploit any shareability among vehicles and incoming travel requests. We study a natural ILP formulation and its LP relaxation. Our main result is an LP-based randomized rounding algorithm that, whenever the instance is feasible, leverages mild assumptions to return an assignment whose: i) expected cost is at most that of an optimal solution, and ii) expected fraction of unassigned requests is at most $1/e$. If trip-vehicle assignment costs are $\alpha$-approximate, we pay an additional factor of $\alpha$ in the expected cost. We can relax the feasibility requirement by considering the penalty version of the problem, in which a penalty is paid for each unassigned request. We find that, whenever a request is repeatedly unassigned after a number of rounds, with high probability it is so in accordance with the sequence of LP solutions and not because of a rounding error. We additionally introduce a deterministic rounding heuristic inspired by our randomized technique. Our computational experiments show that our rounding algorithms achieve a performance similar to that of the ILP at a reduced computation time, far improving on our theoretical guarantee. The reason for this is that, although the assignment problem is hard in theory, the natural LP relaxation tends to be very tight in practice.